Financial Analysis of Blackmores Contingent Liabilities

Question: Talk about the Report for Financial Analysis of Blackmores of Contingent Liabilities. Answer: Blackmores industry Blackmores industry was shaped 80 years prior in Queensland by Maurice Blackmore. Mr. Maurice Blackmore was a lot of enthusiastic about the normal human services and that energy or intrigue is proceeded in todays world likewise by his child Marcus Blackmore under his chairmanship. Nutrient enhancements, minerals, herb and supplements are offers to clients and the clients expends it which is transformed into normal cures so as to deal with their wellbeing and prosperity. This industry has been degree at a huge scope in Australia, New Zealand and Asia. This industry gives a vocation to 600 individuals or considerably more than that. The Blackmores business had been recorded openly in 1985. The procedure for the development of the organization is to make the channels for business, business procurement and extra expansion in the Asia and New Zealand and now the objective so as to extend the business is China. China is required to acquired a significant changes the business at a huge level. Blackmores ltd. has been regarded by its qualities and for quality range items. The qualities which have been received by Blackmores ltd. are: Enthusiastic about regular wellbeing The Blackmores enlivened from the regular and all encompassing approach and have confidence in that approaches which forward their work in this field about all that they do in their business. Respectability The Blackmores business speaks the truth about the items they make for the clients and guaranteed about the standard quality and have the polished skill about their work. Regard In the Blackmores business all are treated with the poise and have pride and respected by one another with the excellance of their work performed inside the business. Initiative In Blackmores industry, the people working in the group or proceed as an individual, the organization spur every single people to do their best execution in the business as per their aptitudes and information they have procured. Social duty They really offers that item or make that item which is gainful to the clients and nature without hurting the environmental factors. They really worry about nature and that the explanation behind their maintainability in the market. The characteristic wellbeing and prosperity industry are developing in a worldwide industry and the requests are going upwards. Blackmores and Blackmores organization Blackmores are working with the heart research organization from 1993. At the hour of this period, Blackmores builds the unprecedented about $1million and in the historical backdrop of HRI; it has assumed the most significant job. The director of the leading body of governors of HRI was Marcus Blackmore from 2004 till 2006. His vision was to roll out a major improvement in the business and convey forward at a worldwide level. Marcus Blackmore had been esteem by the remarkable commitment to HRI and the capable analyst has been carried from Europe to work with the organization. Occasion sponsorship Blackmores supported the yearly light up affair supper, where the organization commend the accomplishment which they have obtained from the analysts and demonstrate that exploration to their supporters. Center business arrangement The Blackmores and the HRI both are upheld by one another and both have similar guarantees so as to help individuals with the goal that they can remain sound. They really boldness individuals to deal with themselves and contribute for their wellbeing and comprehend the principle purpose behind the cardiovascular malady. Blackmores has been respected from Australian bundling contract grants for medium drug store and individual consideration class. Blackmores has been glory for the accomplishment of the decrease of effect on condition for the bundling. The organization centers around everyday upgrades. Richard Henfrey, the head working official of the organization has valued crafted by the providers of the characteristic wellbeing organization and for the help of the retailers for the decrease of the effect of bundling of the item and furthermore for taking the creative arrangement. Their greatest accomplishment for the year was beginning the shut circle process for the conveyance of the bundling office. Features The deals of the Blackmores has been expanded by 22% and came to $206.4million from the earlier year. The organization likewise acquires more benefit and has been expanded benefit by 54% and become $18.6million. Break profit additionally expanded by 55% and came to 68 pennies for every offer which is completely franked. Profit reinvestment plan has been expelled by the executives. The working capital likewise expanded by 118% when contrasted with earlier year and become $29million and money change has additionally expanded by 118%. For this record which organization has accomplished, in that accomplishment the CEO of the Blackmores organization had said that the accomplishment is conceivable with the assistance all things considered and items which really made that accomplishment conceivable and make them considerably more grounded. Additionally they conveyed items with the shirking of their stategies which they have received like to concentrate on buyer and their taste and build up the matter of Australia and the venture is accomplished for the development of Asiaa business and have the information about the influence which is procured from Blackmores initiate and build up the progressions which is required in the results of Blackmores so as to make new things and advancements to draw in the clients and furthermore do activities in a successful manner. Profit before intrigue and duty has been ascends by half and become $28.2million when contrasted with the earlier year. With the assistance of more noteworthy deals and friends has the focus on the money the board net obligation has been diminished from $54.4million and become $36.7 million which serves to arranged the solid asset report of the organization. The deals of the Bioceuticals has been expanded by the 17% and the income before intrigue and duty of the bioceuticals has rised by 40% when contrasted with relating earlier year, which depicted about the significance of the nature of items and keep up that at an elevated level and rely upon the proof for the specialists. The bioceuticals has performed so well from securing in June 2012 that the organization energized itself for the further development and improvement of the business. The deals of the Blackmores for Australian business was expanded by 29% with the assistance of most noteworthy deals of drug store and the expanding pace of interest of the results of Blackmores from the chinese shoppers. This empowered the Blackmores business for the further development and advancement of the Asians business. With the development of the Blackmores business and the significance of the conveyance of operational advantages, the matter of the Australia has expands the profit before duty and enthusiasm by 61% when contrasted with earlier year. The matter of Blackmores in Asia has expands the deals by 5% and decreses the income before duty and enthusiasm by 15% has been conveyed so as to portray the difficulties of retail in Thailand. Be that as it may, the business in Malaysia has builds the deals of the Blackmores by 17% and make another record for the business. The Blackmores has the best arrangement about the deals and showcasing for the Thailand business of the year which empowered the organization in that advertise at the medium level. The china business of Blackmores industry is the completely claimed ventures which underpins the present development of that area. The china business has opened the facilitated commerce zone in November at the earlier year which will assist with becoming the Blackmores business at an enormous degree and the Blackmores have the permit which is completely sheltered and made sure about so as to exchange that zone. Blackmores has make the webpage as a name Blackmores.com.au which is the open door for the clients and offer them the enormous scope of items and to purchase that item online without any problem. Blackmores has created in the market and improved their activity for the client and furthermore glory by the worldstar bundling grant which is the most significant for worldwide bundling industry. The advancements which had been made by the Blackmores for the structure, for this developments Blackmores has additionally respected by the gold, silver and bronz decorations at the Australian bundling configuration grants in three classes. The criticalness of the corresponding prescriptions has decided by the Australian Parliament to the worldwide wellbeing scene and perceived the accomplishments of the National Institute of the integral meds with the name of Australias chief examination office in the correlative medications. This is significant for the NICM to recognize the Blackmores establishment as the key colleague. Blackmores has faces the test to satisfy their responsibility about the quality and to satisfy the interest of the clients. So now they begin making new and more items with the best quality with the assistance of the providers. The Blackmores had esteem their accomplices of the business with the yearly provider grants. The organization likewise welcome that people additionally which have their commitment for the development and improvement of the business by offer them the premiun item. The blackmores additionally respected by the supportability grant by their control on the activity which influence nature. They have likewise respected by the remarkable spotlight on quality by keeping up their degree of value at elevated level. The Blackmores have no restriction so as to improve the item and offers the preferences to the retailers and the clients. In the year 2016, Blackmores has been regarded by the best managers of the Australia granted by the Aon best bosses grants. Blackmores likewise accomplished the worldwide therapeutics which is the chinese natural drugs which prompts Australia and includes combination wellbeing and oriental botanicals. Blackmores participate in the exercises which has the huge range which is done in the

Volpone :: volpone

Volponeâ â Volpone was first brought out at the Globe Theater in 1605 and imprinted in quarto in 1607, subsequent to having been acted with incredible praise at the two Universities, and was republished by Jonson in 1616 without modifications or increases. Volpone is without a doubt the best satire in the English language outside crafted by Shakespeare. Brave and coercive in origination, splendid and perfect in execution, its uncommon benefits have energized the excitement all things considered. The incomparable French antiquarian of English writing, Henri Taine, has dedicated to it probably the most mind blowing pages of his well known work. â€Å"Volpone,† he shouts, Ã…uvre superb, la in addition to vive peinture des mÃ¥urs du siã ¨cle, oã ¹ s’ã ©tale la pleine beautã © des convoitises mã ©chantes, oã ¹ la luxure, la cruautã ©, l’amour de l’or, l’impudeur de bad habit, dã ©ploient une poesie sinistre et splendide, digne d’une bacchanale du Titien. In none other of his plays, not even in The Alchemist, in Bartholomew Fair, or in The Silent Woman, is Ben Jonson’s gigantic keenness and enthusiastic sarcastic virtuoso so flawlessly uncovered as in Volpone. The entire of Juvenal’s parodies are not more loaded with hatred and outrage than this one play, and the representations which the Latin writer has given us of the letchers, dotards, pimps and parasites of Rome, are not drawn with a more enthusiastic harmfulness than the English screenwriter has shown in the depiction of the Venetian magnifico, his animals and his gulls. Like Le Misanthrope, Le Festin de Pierre, as L’Avare, Volpone may all the more fitly be styled a disaster, for the hardhearted exposing of the fox at the finish of the play is awful instead of adequate. Volpone is an astonishing heathen and urges our adoration by the fineness and extremely overabundance of his insidiousness. We are barely stunned by his desire, so wonderful is the intensity of his energy, and we wonder and are dismayed as opposed to appalled at his shrewdness and daringness. As Mr. Swinburne watches, â€Å"there is something all through of the lion just as the fox in this unique and exceptional figure.†  â â â Volpone’s limit with respect to delight is significantly more noteworthy than his ability for wrongdoing, and Ben Jonson has added to these two remarkable qualities a third, which is similarly prevailing in the Italianâ€the enthusiasm for the theater. Camouflage, outfit, and the disposition have an overpowering fascination for him, the blood of the emulate is in his veins.

How Long Does Naltrexone Stay in Your System

How Long Does Naltrexone Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print How Long Does Naltrexone Stay in Your System? Detection Timetable Depends on Many Variables By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 17, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 14, 2020  James Leynse/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Naltrexone?? is prescribed to assist people who are quitting alcohol or opiates.?? It is marketed as ReVia, Vivitrol, and Depade. It blocks the effects of opiates and can reduce the craving for alcohol. If you have been prescribed naltrexone, you may wonder how long it stays in your system and whether it may be detectable on lab tests. Its important not to start naltrexone?? until all opiates have been out of your system for seven to 10 days or you may risk acute opioid withdrawal effects. Taking any opiates or drinking alcohol while you still have naltrexone in your system is dangerous. Because it blocks opiate receptors in your body, you may have a serious reaction to opiates that can lead to injury or be lethal. Narcotic pain medications wont work and you need to discuss alternatives with your doctor. Naltrexone Uses and Side Effects Variations in How Long Naltrexone Is Detectable Your doctor may order lab tests for naltrexone to see if you are taking the medication as prescribed. It is wise to inform the laboratory that you are taking naltrexone any time you must send blood, urine, saliva, or hair for testing. Trying to determine exactly how long naltrexone is detectable in the body depends on many variables.?? This includes what form of the medication you are taking, whether the oral pill form or the once-a-month injection, and which kind of drug test is being used. Naltrexone can be detected for a shorter time with some tests but can be visible for up to three months in other tests. The timetable for detecting naltrexone in the system is also dependent upon each individuals metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, health conditions, and other factors, making it almost impossible to determine an exact time naltrexone will show up on a drug test. Detection Windows for the Pill Form The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which immediate-release versions of naltrexone can be detected by various testing methods.?? (Vivitrol is extended release, and can remain detectable in drug tests for months): Urine:  Naltrexone can be detected in the urine for 4 to 6 hours.Blood:  A blood test can detect Naltrexone for up to 24 hours.Saliva Test:  A saliva test can detect Naltrexone for up to 1 dayHair Follicle Test: Naltrexone,  like many other drugs, can be detected with a hair follicle drug test for up to 90 days. Avoiding an Overdose Naltrexone is in a class of medications called opiate antagonists. It works by decreasing the craving for alcohol and blocking the effects of opiate medications and illicit opioid drugs. Along with counseling and social support, naltrexone is used to help people who have stopped drinking alcohol and using street drugs continue to avoid drinking or using drugs. To avoid a possible accidental overdose?? of Naltrexone, do not take more or less of it, or take it more often, than prescribed. Symptoms of an overdose of Naltrexone include: ConfusionHallucinationsBlurred visionSevere vomiting and/or diarrhea Another serious concern with naltrexone is when a person tries to take enough opiates to get the effects despite the blocking action of the naltrexone. This can result in serious injury and even death. If you suspect someone has taken an overdose of naltrexone, call the poison control center. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call 9-1-1 or the other emergency medical number for your location. Signs and Symptoms of a Drug Overdose

Growth of Venture Capital in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4906 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? VENTURE CAPITAL:- Venture capital (also known as VC or Venture) is a type of private equity capital typically provided for early-stage, high-potential, growth companies in the interest of generating a return through an eventual realization event such as an IPO or trade sale of the company. Venture capital investments are generally made as cash in exchange for shares in the invested company. It is typical for venture capital investors to identify and back companies in high technology industries such as biotechnology and ICT (information and communication technology). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Growth of Venture Capital in India" essay for you Create order Venture capital firms typically comprise small teams with technology backgrounds scientists, researchers or those with business training or deep industry experience. VCs also take a role in managing entrepreneurial companies at an early stage, thus adding skills as well as capital . Inherent in realizing abnormally high rates of returns is the risk of losing all of ones investment in a given startup company. As a consequence, most venture capital investments are done in a pool format where several investors combine their investments into one large fund that invests in many different startup companies. By investing in the pool format the investors are spreading out their risk to many different investments versus taking the chance of putting all of their monies in one start up firm. A venture capitalist (also known as a VC) is a person or investment firm that makes venture investments, and these venture capitalists are expected to bring managerial and technical expertise as well as capital to their investments. A venture capital fund refers to a pooled investment vehicle (often an LP or LLC) that primarily invests the financial capital of third-party investors in enterprises that are too risky for the standard capital markets or bank loans. Venture capital is also associated with job creation, the knowledge economy and used as a proxy measure of innovation within an economic sector or geography. Venture capital is most attractive for new companies with limited operating history that are too small to raise capital in the public markets and have not reached the point where they are able to secure a bank loan or complete a debt offering. In exchange for the high risk that venture capitalists assume by investing in smaller and less mature companies, venture capitalists usually get significant control over company decisions, in addition to a significant portion of the companys ownership (and consequently value). STRUCTURE OF VENTURE CAPITAL FIRMS:- Venture capital firms are typically structured as partnerships, the general partners of which serve as the managers of the firm and will serve as investment advisors to the venture capital funds raised. This constituency comprises both high net worth individuals and institutions with large amounts of available capital, such as state and private pension funds, university financial endowments, foundations, insurance companies, and pooled investment vehicles, called fund of funds or mutual funds. TYPES OF VENTURE CAPITAL FIRMS:- Depending on business type, the venture capital firm approach differ. When approaching a VC firm, consider their portfolio: Business Cycle: Do they invest in budding or established businesses? Industry: What is their industry focus? Investment: Is their typical investment sufficient for your needs? Location: Are they regional, national or international? Return: What is their expected return on investment? Involvement: What is their involvement level? Targeting specific types of firms will yield the best results when seeking VC financing. The National Venture Capital Association segments dozens of VC firms into ways that might assist you in your search. Many VC firms have diverse portfolios with a range of clients. If this is the case, finding gaps in their portfolio is one strategy that might succeed. ROLES WITHIN VENTURE CAPITAL FIRMS:- Although the titles are not entirely uniform from firm to firm, other positions at venture capital firms include: Venture partners Venture partners are expected to source potential investment opportunities and typically are compensated only for those deals with which they are involved. Entrepreneur-in-residence (EIR) EIRs are experts in a particular domain and perform due diligence on potential deals. EIRs are engaged by venture capital firms temporarily (six to 18 months) and are expected to develop and pitch startup ideas to their host firm. Principal This is a mid-level investment professional position, and often considered a partner-track position. Principals will have been promoted from a senior associate position or who have commensurate experience in another field such as investment banking or management consulting. Associate This is typically the most junior apprentice position within a venture capital firm. After a few successful years, an associate may move up to the senior associate position and potentially principal and beyond. Associates will often have worked for 1-2 years in another field such as investment banking or management consulting. ORIGINS OF MODERN PRIVATE EQUITY:- Before World War II, venture capital investments (originally known as development capital) were primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families. Today true private equity investments began to emerge marked by the founding of the first two venture capital firms in 1946: American Research and Development Corporation. (ARDC) and J.H. Whitney Company. ARDC was founded by Georges Doriot, the father of venture capitalism to encourage private sector investments in businesses run by soldiers who were returning from World War II. ARDCs significance was primarily that it was the first institutional private equity investment firm that raised capital from sources other than wealthy families although it had several notable investment successes as well. ARDC is credited with the first major venture capital success story when its 1957 investment of $70,000 in Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) would be valued at over $355 million after the companys initial public offering in 1968. Venture capital firms suffered a temporary downturn in 1974, when the stock market crashed and investors were naturally wary of this new kind of investment fund. THE VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDS IN INDIA:- The concept and origin of Venture Capital, trace its growth, and highlight the venture capital regulations. It has briefly explained about the Chandra Sekhar Committee recommendations, various types of Venture Capital Funds and the venture capital process in India. A simple case on first Venture Capital Fund in India, Technology Development Information Company Of India Ltd., has also developed with concluding remarks. Introduction:- The venture capital investment helps for the growth of innovative entrepreneurships in India. Venture capital has developed as a result of the need to provide non-conventional, risky finance to new ventures based on innovative entrepreneurship. Venture capital is an investment in the form of equity, quasi-equity and sometimes debt straight or conditional, made in new or untried concepts, promoted by a technically or professionally qualified entrepreneur. Venture capital means risk capital. It refers to capital investment, both equity and debt, which carries substantial risk and uncertainties. The risk envisaged may be very high may be so high as to result in total loss or very less so as to result in high gains. THE CONCEPT OF VENTURE CAPITAL :- Venture capital means many things to many people. It is in fact nearly impossible to come across one single definition of the concept. Venture capital is defined as providing seed, start-up and first stage financing and also funding the expansion of companies that have already demonstrated their business potential but do not yet have access to the public securities market or to credit oriented institutional funding sources. The European Venture Capital Association describes it as risk finance for entrepreneurial growth oriented companies. It is investment for the medium or long term return seeking to maximize medium or long term for both parties. It is a partnership with the entrepreneur in which the investor can add value to the company because of his knowledge, experience and contact base. THE ORIGIN OF VENTURE CAPITAL :- In the 1920s 1930s, the wealthy families of and individuals investors provided the start up money for companies that would later become famous. Eastern Airlines and Xerox are the more famous ventures financed. Among the early VC funds set up, was the one by the Rockfeller Family, which started a special fund called VENROCK in 1950, to finance new technology companies. General Doriot, a professor at Harvard Business School, in 1946 set up the American Research and Development Corporation (ARD), the first firm, as opposed to a private individuals, at MIT to finance the commercial promotion of advanced technology, developed in the US Universities. ARDs approach was a classic VC in the sense that it used only equity, invested for long term, and was prepared to live with losers. ARDs investment in Digital Equipment Corporation , 1957 was a watershed in the history of VC financing. While in its early years venture capital may have been associated with high technology, over the years the concept has undergone a change and it implies pooled investment in unlisted companies. MAIN ALTERNATIVES TO VENTURE CAPITAL:- Because of the strict requirements venture capitalists have for potential investments, many entrepreneurs seek initial funding from angel investors, who may be more willing to invest in highly speculative opportunities, or may have a prior relationship with the entrepreneur. Furthermore, many venture capital firms will only seriously evaluate an investment in a start-up otherwise unknown to them if the company can prove at least some of its claims about the technology and/or market potential for its product or services. To achieve this, or even just to avoid the dilutive effects of receiving funding before such claims are proven, many start-ups seek to self-finance until they reach a point where they can credibly approach outside capital providers such as venture capitalists or angel investors. This practice is called bootstrapping. In industries where assets can be securitized effectively because they reliably generate future revenue streams or have a good potential for resale in case of foreclosure, businesses may more cheaply be able to raise debt to finance their growth. Good examples would include asset-intensive extractive industries such as mining, or manufacturing industries. Offshore funding is provided via specialist venture capital trusts which seek to utilise securitization in structuring hybrid multi market transactions via an SPV (special purpose vehicle): a corporate entity that is designed solely for the purpose of the financing. In addition to traditional venture capital and angel networks, groups have emerged which allow groups of small investors or entrepreneurs themselves to compete in a privatized business plan competition where the group itself serves as the investor through a democratic process. Venture capital (VC) arms of companies such as Intel, Cisco, Reliance ADAG, Google and Yahoo are increasing their investments in early stage technology and consumer service start-ups in India. Early Days In the absence of an organised Venture Capital industry until almost 1995, individual investors and development financial institutions played the role of venture capitalists in India. Entrepreneurs have largely depended upon private placements, public offerings and lending by the financial institutions. In 1973, a committee on Development of Small and Medium Enterprises highlighted the need to foster venture capital as a source of funding new entrepreneurs and technology. Thereafter some public sector funds were set up but the activity of venture capital did not gather momentum as the thrust was on high-technology projects funded on a purely financial rather than a holistic basis. REGULATORY GUIDELINES FRAMEWORK:- Later, a study was undertaken by the World Bank, to examine the possibility of developing Venture Capital in the private sector, based on which the Government of India took a policy initiative and announced guidelines for Venture Capital Funds (VCFs) in India in 1988. However, these guidelines restricted setting up of VCFs by the banks or the financial institutions only. Thereafter, the Government of India issued guidelines in September 1995, for overseas investment in Venture Capital in India. For tax-exemption purposes, guidelines were also issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the investments and flow of foreign currency into and out of India have been governed by the Reserve Bank of Indias (RBI) requirements. Further, as a part of its mandate to regulate and to develop the Indian capital markets, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) framed the SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996. These guidelines were further amended in April 2000 with the objective of fuelling the growth of Venture Capital activities in India. OBJECTIVES AND VISION FOR VENTURE CAPITAL IN INDIA:- Venture capitalists finance innovation and ideas which have potential for high growth but with inherent uncertainties. This makes it a high-risk, high return investment. Apart from finance, venture capitalists provide networking, management and marketing support as well. In the broadest sense, therefore, venture capital connotes financial as well as human capital. In the global venture capital industry, investors and investee firms work together closely in an enabling environment that allows entrepreneurs to focus on value creating ideas and allows venture capitalists to drive the industry through ownership of the levers of control, in return for the provision of capital, skills, information and complementary resources. This very blend of risk financing and hand holding of entrepreneurs by venture capitalists creates an environment particularly suitable for knowledge and technology based enterprises. Scientific, technology and knowledge based ideas properly supported by venture capital can be propelled into a powerful engine of economic growth and wealth creation in a sustainable manner. In various developed and developing economies venture capital has played a significant developmental role. India has the second largest English speaking scientific and technical manpower in the world. The Indian software sector crossed the Rs 100 billion mark turnover during 1998. The sector grew 58% on a year to year basis and exports accounted for Rs 65.3 billion while the domestic market accounted for Rs 35.1 billion. Exports grew by 67% in rupee terms and 55% in US dollar terms. The strength of software professionals grew by 14% in 1997 and has crossed 1,60,000. The global software sector is expected to grow at 12% to 15% per annum for the next 5 to 7 years. Recently, there has also been greater visibility of Indian companies in the US. Given such vast potential not only in IT and software but also in the field of service industries, biotechnology, telecommunications, media and entertainment, medical and health services and other technology based manufacturing and product development, venture capital industry can play a catalytic role to put India on the world map as a success story. WHERE ARE VCS INVESTING IN INDIA? IT and IT-enabled services Software Products (Mainly Enterprise-focused) Wireless/Telecom/Semiconductor Banking PSU Disinvestments Media/Entertainment Bio Technology/Bio Informatics Pharmaceuticals Electronic Manufacturing Retail ISSUES AND CHALLENGES:- Indian Venture Capital yet to be established as a sustainable asset class among institutional investors. Moreover a limited amount of true risk-capital impacts entrepreneurial activity. Exit challenges exist mainly due to shallow capital markets and dull MA environment for small companies. Most importantly, India is yet to create a brand-name for IP-led companies, like Israel has successfully done. THE GROWTH OF VENTURE CAPITAL: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON The venture capital (VC) industry plays an important role in nurturing entrepreneurship and innovation, and its role varies from country to country. The six countries whose VC industries are analyzed here are the United States and Canada, whose VC industries are mature; Sweden and Denmark, which have established small but successful VC industries; and Israel and Turkey, whose experiences demonstrate the state of the young VC industry in transition economies. The analysis is based on the four main determinants of the VC industry: sources of financing, institutional infrastructure, exit mechanisms, and entrepreneurship and innovation generators. In addition, the special role of VC financing in the biomaterials industry is explained. Understanding the factors that contribute to the emergence of a successful venture capital industry is important for academics, VC associations, policy-making institutions, government agencies, and investors themselves. VENTURE CAPITAL IN INDIA:- In India, the Venture Capital plays a vital role in the development and growth of innovative entrepreneurships. Venture Capital activity in the past was possibly done by the developmental financial institutions like IDBI, ICICI and State Financial Corporations. These institutions promoted entities in the private sector with debt as an instrument of funding. For a long time, funds raised from public were used as a source of Venture Capital. This source however depended a lot on the market vagaries. And with the minimum paid up capital requirements being raised for listing at the stock exchanges, it became difficult for smaller firms with viable projects to raise funds from public. In India, the need for Venture Capital was recognised in the 7th five year plan and long term fiscal policy of GOI. In 1973 a committee on Development of small and medium enterprises highlighted the need to faster VC as a source of funding new entrepreneurs and technology. VC financing really started in India in 1988 with the formation of Technology Development and Information Company of India Ltd. (TDICI) promoted by ICICI and UTI. The first private VC fund was sponsored by Credit Capital Finance Corporation (CFC) and promoted by Bank of India, Asian Development Bank and the Commonwealth Development Corporation viz. Credit Capital Venture Fund. At the same time Gujarat Venture Finance Ltd. and APIDC Venture Capital Ltd. were started by state level financial institutions. VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS IN INDIA:- The venture capital investment in India till the year 2001 was continuously increased and thereby drastically reduced. It is estimated that there was a tremendous growth by almost 327 percent in 1998-99, 132 percent in 1999-00, and 40 percent in 2000-01 thereafter venture capital investors slow down their investment. Surprisingly, there was a negative growth of 4 percent in 2001-02 it was continued and a 54 percent drastic reduction was recorded in the year 2002-2003. TYPES OF VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDS:- Generally, there are three types of organised or institutional venture capital funds: venture capital funds set up by angel investors, that is, high net worth individual investors; venture capital subsidiaries of corporations and private venture capital firms/ funds. Venture capital subsidiaries are established by major corporations, commercial bank holding companies and other financial institutions. Venture funds in India can be classified on the basis of the type of promoters. VCFs promoted by the Central govt. controlled development financial institutions such as TDICI, by ICICI, Risk capital and Technology Finance Corporation Limited (RCTFC) by the Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) and Risk Capital Fund by IDBI. VCFs promoted by the state government-controlled development finance institutions such as Andhra Pradesh Venture Capital Limited (APVCL) by Andhra Pradesh State Finance Corporation (APSFC) and Gujarat Venture Finance Company Limited (GVCFL) by Gujarat Industrial Investment Corporation (GIIC). VCFs promoted by Public Sector banks such as Canfina by Canara Bank and SBI-Cap by State Bank of India. VCFs promoted by the foreign banks or private sector companies and financial institutions such as Indus Venture Fund, Credit Capital Venture Fund and Grindlays India Development Fund. VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDING:- Venture capitalists are typically very selective in deciding what to invest in; as a rule of thumb, a fund may invest in one in four hundred opportunities presented to it. Funds are most interested in ventures with exceptionally high growth potential, as only such opportunities are likely capable of providing the financial returns and successful exit event within the required timeframe (typically 3-7 years) that venture capitalists expect. Venture capitalists also are expected to nurture the companies in which they invest, in order to increase the likelihood of reaching an IPO stage when valuations are favorable. Venture capitalists typically assist at four stages in the companys development: Idea generation; Start-up; Ramp up; and Exit There are typically six stages of financing offered in Venture Capital, that correspond to these stages of a companys development. Seed Money: Low level financing needed to prove a new idea (Often provided by angel investors) Start-up: Early stage firms that need funding for expenses associated with marketing and product development First-Round: Early sales and manufacturing funds Second-Round: Working capital for early stage companies that are selling product, but not yet turning a profit Third-Round: Also called Mezzanine financing, this is expansion money for a newly profitable company Fourth-Round: Also called bridge financing, 4th round is intended to finance the going public process WHAT DO VCS LOOK FOR? Venture capitalists are higher risk investors and, in accepting these risks, they desire a higher return on their investment. The venture capitalist manages the risk/reward ratio by only investing in businesses which fit their investment criteria and after having completed extensive due diligence. Venture capitalists have differing operating approaches. These differences may relate to location of the business, the size of the investment, the stage of the company, industry specialization, structure of the investment and involvement of the venture capitalists in the companies activities. The entrepreneur should not be discouraged if one venture capitalist does not wish to proceed with an investment in the company. The rejection may not be a reflection of the quality of the business, but rather a matter of the business not fitting with the venture capitalists particular investment criteria. Often entrepreneurs may want to ask the venture capitalist for other firms that might be interested in the investment opportunity. VENTURE CAPITAL IS NOT SUITABLE FOR ALL BUSINESSES, AS A VENTURE CAPITALIST TYPICALLY SEEKS : Superior Businesses:- Venture capitalists look for companies with superior products or services targeted at large, fast growing or untapped markets with a defensible strategic position such as intellectual property or patents. Quality and Depth of Management:- Venture capitalists must be confident that the firm has the quality and depth in the management team to achieve its aspirations. Venture capitalists seldom seek managerial control, rather they want to add value to the investment where they have particular skills including fund raising, mergers and acquisitions, international marketing, product development, and networks. Appropriate Investment Structure:- As well as the requirement of being an attractive business opportunity, the venture capitalist will also seek to structure a deal to produce the anticipated financial returns to investors. This includes making an investment at a reasonable price per share (valuation). Exit Opportunity:- Lastly, venture capitalists look for the clear exit opportunity for their investment such as public listing or a third party acquisition of the investee company. Once a short list of appropriate venture capitalists has been selected, the entrepreneur can proceed to identify which investors match their funding requirements. At this point, the entrepreneur should contact the venture capital firm and identify an investment manager as an initial contact point. The venture capital firm will ask prospective investee companies for information concerning the product or service, the market analysis, how the company operates, the investment required and how it is to be used, financial projections, and importantly questions about the management team. In reality, all of the above questions should be answered in the Business Plan. Assuming the venture capitalist expresses interest in the investment opportunity, a good business plan is a pre-requisite. METHODS OF VENTURE FINANCING:- Venture capital is typically available in three forms in India, they are: Equity : All VCFs in India provide equity but generally their contribution does not exceed 49 percent of the total equity capital. Thus, the effective control and majority ownership of the firm remains with the entrepreneur. They buy shares of an enterprise with an intention to ultimately sell them off to make capital gains. Conditional Loan: It is repayable in the form of a royalty after the venture is able to generate sales. No interest is paid on such loans. In India, VCFs charge royalty ranging between 2 to 15 percent; actual rate depends on other factors of the venture such as gestation period, cost-flow patterns, riskiness and other factors of the enterprise. Income Note : It is a hybrid security which combines the features of both conventional loan and conditional loan. The entrepreneur has to pay both interest and royalty on sales, but at substantially low rates. Other Financing Methods: A few venture capitalists, particularly in the private sector, have started introducing innovative financial securities like participating debentures, introduced by TCFC is an example. VENTURE CAPITALISTS INVESTING IN INDIA:- For a very long time, Silicon Valley venture capitalists only invested locally. However, throughout the years, they expanded their investments worldwide. Most recently, Matrix Partners, a leading American venture capitalist firm, had announced a $150 million India fund, where they will provide internet, mobile, media, entertainment, leisure, and travel services to customers in Mumbai. Sequoia Capital, a Silicon Valley-based VC firm, wanted to take advantage of investing in start-up companies and had acquired West bridge Capital, an Indian firm, for $350 million. It is no wonder that venture capitalist investments in India have risen dramatically within the past few years. From 2005 to 2007, VC investments in India grew from $320 million to about $777 million, respectively. Some important Venture Capital Funds in India:- APIDC Venture Capital Limited , 1102, Babukhan Estate, Hyderabad 500 001 Canbank Venture Capital Fund Limited, IInd Floor, Kareem Towers, Bangalore Gujarat Venture Capital Fund 1997, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad 380 009 Industrial Venture Capital Limited, Thyagaraya Road, Chennai 600 017 Auto Ancillary Fund Opp. Signals Enclave, New Delhi 110 010 Gujarat Venture Capital Fund 1995 Ashram Road Ahmedabad 380 009 Karnataka Information Technology Venture Capital Fund Cunningham Rd Bangalore India Auto Ancillary Fund Nariman Point, Mumbai 400 021 Information Technology Fund, Nariman Point, Mumbai 400 021 Tamilnadu Infotech Fund Nariman Point, Mumbai 400 021 Orissa Venture Capital Fund Nariman Point Mumbai 400 021 Uttar Pradesh Venture Capital Fund Nariman Point, Mumbai 400 021 SICOM Venture Capital Fund Nariman Point Mumbai 400 021 Punjab Infotech Venture Fund 18 Himalaya Marg, Chandigarh 160 017 National venture fund for software and information technology industry Nariman. DHFL VENTURE CAPITAL INDIA PVT LTD:- DHFL Venture Capital India Pvt. Ltd. (DVCI) provides advisory, managerial and consultancy services to Venture Capital Funds, Venture Capital Managements and Venture Capital Undertakings, related to Indian Real Estate. DVCI is promoted by Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited (DHFL), Indias premier second largest housing finance company in the private sector. The Company is presently providing investment management services to DHFL Venture Capital Fund. DHFL Venture Capital Fund was launched in Feb 2006, one of the first private equity Real estate funds in India. The fund is registered with Securities and Exchange Board of India. CANBANK:- Canaan Partners (Canaan) is a global venture capital firm focusing on investments in early stage companies in the technology and healthcare sectors. The firms technology group focuses on digital media, communications, enterprise software, semiconductors, and cleantech. The healthcare group focuses on biopharmaceuticals, devices, and diagnostics. Founded in 1987, the firm has offices in Menlo Park, California; Westport, Connecticut; Gurgaon, India; and Herzliya, Israel. Since inception, Canaan has raised eight funds to date and as of 2009 manages $3 billion in capital. Canbank Venture Capital Fund Ltd (CVCFL) is a wholly owned Subsidiary of Canara Bank. Canbank Venture Capital Fund is Indias First and Only Public Sector Bank sponsored Venture Capital Fund, set up in 1989. The Fund is registered with SEBI. Four Venture Capital Funds with an aggregate corpus of around INR 1200 Million launched till date. The portfolio investments are spread across diverse industrial segments. A Case on Technology Development Information Company Of India Ltd. TDICI was incorporated in January 1988 with the support of the ICICI and the UTI. The countrys first venture fund managed by the TDICI called VECAUS ( Venture Capital Units Scheme) was started with an initial corpus of Rs.20 crore and was completely committed to 37 small and medium enterprises. The first project of the TDICI was loan and equity to a computer software company called Kale Consultants. Present Status: At present the TDICI is administering two UTI -mobilised funds under VECAUS-I and II, totaling Rs.120 crore. the Rs.20 crore invested under the first fund, VECAUS-I, has already yielded returns totaling Rs. 16 crore to its investors. Some of the projects financed by the TDICI are discussed below. MASTEK , a Mumbai based software firm, in which the TDICI invested Rs.42 lakh in equity in 1989, went public just three years later, in November 1992. It showed an annual growth of 70-80 percent in the turnover. TEMPTATION FOODS, located in PUNE, which exports frozen vegetables and fruits, went public in November 1992. The TDICI invested Rs.50 lakh in its equity. RISHABH INSTRUMENTS of Nasik got Rs.40 lakh from the TDICI. It manufactures a range of meters used in power stations in collaboration with the ABB Metra Watt of Germany. After making cash losses totaling Rs.25 lakh in two bad years, it turned around in 1989 and showed an increase of over 70 percent in the turnover. SYNERGY ART FOUNDATION, which runs art galleries in Mumbai and Chennai and plans to set up in Pune and Delhi too, had received Rs.25 lakh from the TDICI as convertible loans which were converted into equity on march 31, 1994. Most of this money has been used for the companys innovative art library scheme at least paintings to corporate clients. Conclusion:- In recent years the growth of Venture Capital Business has been drastically decreasing due to many reasons. The regulator has to liberalize the stringent policies and pave the way to the venture capital investors to park their funds in most profitable ventures. Though an attempt was also made to raise funds from the public and fund new ventures, the venture capitalists had hardly any impact on the economic scenario for the next few years. At present many investments of venture capitalists in India remain on paper as they do not have any means of exit. Appropriate changes have to be made to the existing systems in order that venture capitalists find it easier to realize their investments after holding on to them for a certain period of time. BIBLIOGRAPHY:- https://www.ventureitch.com/?p=123 https://www.indiavca.org/ https://www.ventureitch.com/?p=123 www.sequoiacap.com/ www.scribd.com/

Why Black People Had a Complex Relationship With Fidel Castro

When Fidel Castro died on Nov. 25, 2016, Cuban exiles in the United States celebrated the demise of a man they called an evil dictator. Castro committed a series of human rights abuses, they said, silencing political dissidents by imprisoning or killing them. U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio  (R-Florida) summed up the feelings of many Cuban Americans about Castro in a statement he released after  the ruler’s passing. â€Å"Sadly, Fidel Castro’s death does not mean freedom for the Cuban people or justice for the democratic activists, religious leaders, and political opponents he and his brother have jailed and persecuted,† Rubio said. â€Å"The dictator has died, but the dictatorship has not. And one thing is clear, history will not absolve Fidel Castro; it will remember him as an evil, murderous dictator who inflicted misery and suffering on his own people.† In contrast, blacks throughout the African Diaspora viewed Castro through a more complicated lens. He may have been a brutal dictator but he was also an ally to Africa, an anti-imperialist who eluded assassination attempts by the U.S. government and a champion of education and healthcare. Castro supported the efforts of African nations to liberate themselves from colonial rule, opposed apartheid and granted exile to a prominent African American radical. But along with  these deeds, Castro faced criticism from blacks during the years before  his death because of racism’s persistence in Cuba. An Ally to Africa Castro proved himself to be a friend to Africa as various countries there fought for independence during the 1960s and ’70s. After Castro’s death, Bill Fletcher, Black Radical Congress founder, discussed the unique  relationship between the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and Africa on the Democracy Now! radio program. â€Å"The Cubans were very supportive of the Algerian struggle against the French, which succeeded in 1962,† Fletcher said. â€Å"They went on to support the various anti-colonial movements in Africa, including in particular  the anti-Portuguese movements in Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. And they were unquestioning in their support for the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa.† Cuba’s support to Angola as the West African nation fought for independence from Portugal in 1975 set into motion apartheid’s end. Both the Central Intelligence Agency and the apartheid government of South Africa tried to thwart the revolution, and Russia objected to Cuba intervening in the conflict. That didnt deter Cuba from getting involved, however. The 2001 documentary Fidel: The Untold Story chronicles how Castro sent 36,000 troops to keep South African forces from attacking Angola’s capital city and more than 300,000 Cubans aided in Angola’s independence struggle — 2,000 of whom were killed during the conflict. In 1988, Castro sent in even more troops, which helped to overcome the South African army and, thus, advance the mission of black South Africans. But Castro didn’t stop there. In 1990, Cuba also played a role in helping Namibia win independence from South Africa, another blow to the apartheid government. After Nelson Mandela was freed from prison in 1990, he repeatedly thanked Castro.   â€Å"He was a hero in Africa, Latin America, and North America for those who needed freedom from oligarchic and autocratic oppression,† the Rev. Jesse Jackson said of Castro in a statement about the Cuban leader’s death. â€Å"While Castro, unfortunately, denied many political freedoms, he at the same time did establish many economic freedoms — education and health care. He changed the world. While we may not agree with all of Castro’s actions, we can accept his lesson that where there is oppression there must be resistance.† Black Americans like Jackson  have long expressed admiration for Castro, who famously met with Malcolm X in Harlem in 1960 and sought out meetings with other black leaders. Mandela and Castro South Africa’s Nelson Mandela publicly praised Castro for his support of the anti-apartheid struggle. The military support Castro sent to Angola helped to destabilize the apartheid regime and pave the way for new leadership. While Castro stood on the right side of history, as far as apartheid was concerned, the U.S. government is said to have been involved in Mandela’s 1962 arrest and even characterized him as a terrorist. Moreover, President  Ronald Reagan vetoed the Anti-Apartheid Act. When Mandela was released from prison after serving 27 years for his political activism, he described Castro as an â€Å"inspiration to all freedom-loving people.† He applauded Cuba for remaining independent in spite of fierce opposition from imperialist nations such as the United States. He said that South Africa also wished â€Å"to control our own destiny† and publicly asked Castro to visit. â€Å"I haven’t visited my South African homeland yet,† Castro said. â€Å"I want it, I love it as a homeland. I love it as a homeland as I love you and the South African people.† The Cuban leader finally traveled to South Africa in 1994 to watch Mandela become its first black president. Mandela faced criticism for supporting Castro but kept his promise not to ignore his allies in the fight against apartheid. Why Black Americans Admire Castro African Americans have long felt a kinship to the people of Cuba  given the island nation’s considerable black population. As Sam Riddle, political director of Michigan’s National Action Network told the Associated Press, â€Å"It was Fidel who fought for the human rights for black Cubans. Many Cubans are as black as any black who worked in the fields of Mississippi or lived in Harlem. He believed in medical care and education for his people.† Castro ended segregation after the Cuban Revolution and gave asylum to Assata Shakur (nee Joanne Chesimard), a black radical who fled there after a 1977 conviction for killing a state trooper in New Jersey. Shakur has denied wrongdoing. But Riddle’s portrayal of Castro as a race relations hero may be somewhat romanticized given that black Cubans are overwhelmingly poor, underrepresented in positions of power and locked out of jobs in the country’s burgeoning tourism industry, where lighter skin appears to be a prerequisite to entry. In 2010, 60 prominent African Americans, including Cornel West and filmmaker Melvin Van Peebles, issued a letter attacking Cubas human rights record, especially as it related to black political dissidents. They expressed concern that the Cuban government had â€Å"increased violations of civil and human rights for those black activists in Cuba who dare raise their voices against the islands racial system.† The letter also called for the release from prison of black activist and physician Darsi Ferrer. Castro’s revolution may have promised equality for blacks, but he was ultimately unwilling to engage those who pointed out that racism remained. The Cuban government responded to the concerns of the African American group by simply denouncing their statement.

Invisible Man Free Essays

Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man coveys the way African Americans behave when choosing between their natural self and what is expected of them as members of society. This conflict is a central throughout the novel. The white society desires the narrator to act in a certain way, sometimes against the wishes of the narrator’s conscience. We will write a custom essay sample on Invisible Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ellison dramatizes this struggle by various types of rhetorical devices such as repetition, parallelism and a racist setting and placing. During the beginning of the novel, the narrator is invited to participate in a Battle Royal. The narrator is ignorant of the rules and his part of the event until the white men controlling the event blind fold the narrator and place him in a ring with several other fighters. The white spectators want entertainment at the expense of humiliating black students. The white spectators expect the narrator and the other students act in a certain way: to fight each other blindfolded. The narrator does not want to do this since he is intended to give a speech afterwards. Later, the narrator and the other fighters are tricked into scrambling on an electrifying rug to grab fake gold coins, all to the sheer amusement of the white crowd. For their own enjoyment, the white spectators want the students to cooperate even though the students are in pain. Ellison dramatizes this situation by creating another similar event that uncannily parallels this one. Much later in the novel, the narrator joins a Communist organization called the Brotherhood blindly thinking it was a organization against racism. After a few months, the narrator is accused by a member for desiring self-gain. At the hearing, the narrator stands in the middle of the meeting hall while all the white committee members are smiling inwardly, enjoying the mental pain and torture they are inflicting on the poor ignorant narrator. The narrator endures the pain and acts in the way that the white men want him to in both situations: the Battle Royal and the hearing. He could have left the Battle Royal or left the Brotherhood, but he does neither. This latter episode parallels the Battle Royal; in both events, the white spectators enjoy the narrator in misery. Ellison dramatizes this struggle by using parallelism. After the battle royal, the narrator gives a speech to significant white men of the community. This speech is a version of Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition. During the speech, the narrator uses the phrase â€Å"social equality,† and this phrase startles some of the listeners. The men laugh and make the narrator correct this phrase with more acceptable words of â€Å"social responsibility. The narrator succumbs to the spectators’ demands and rephrases his words. Ellison dramatizes this certain situation by having the narrator repeat the phrase â€Å"social responsibility† several times. Even though the narrator is the person giving the speech, the audience makes him change his diction – as if they control him. The white spectators clearly expect the African American narrato r to act in a certain way, as to not offend any white man. Ellison dramatizes this struggle of the narrator deciding whether or not to submit to the crowd’s wishes by the repetition of his phrases. Ellison uses every aspect of his novel to emphasize his intentions. The novel takes place in early 20th century in a racist-filled Eastern United States. The racism is evident throughout the novel: in the south where the narrator enrolls to college or in New York City. White men and women influence the black-only college in which the narrator initially resides. Mr. Bledsoe, the president of the college is constantly controlled by white benefactors. Mr. Blesoe even mentions that â€Å"we [African Americans] must give them what they want. † Mr. Bledsoe is compelled to expel the narrator, even though he is innocent because of bad reputation the narrator might cause to the university. African American men are even required to sit at the rear of buses. After his expulsion, the narrator decides to take a bus to New York City. The narrator is forced to proceed to the rear of the bus to sit beside the mental veteran even though it is strictly against his wishes. The struggle in the narrator’s mind is evident, whether or not to adhere to the rules white people expect African Americans to adhere. Ellison carefully describes the details of this racist setting and there fore enhances the struggle. Ellison uses various rhetorical devices throughout his novel. His meticulous placement of repetition, parallelism, and racial setting dramatizes the struggle of the narrator and other African Americans to choose between the dictates of their conscience and what is expected of them from white society. However, the narrator does not realize until the end when he is in a pitch black manhole that he should choose with the dictates of his conscience instead of doing what is expected by the White society. How to cite Invisible Man, Papers Invisible Man Free Essays Invisible Man A Union of Modernism and Naturalism The novel Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is one of the most significant representations of African American achievement in the arts to date. The story follows an unnamed young African American man’s journey through political and racial self-discovery as he tries to find an answer to his life defining question. The question is symbolically posed by the title of the Luis Armstrong song â€Å"What Did I Do to Be So Black and Blue†. We will write a custom essay sample on Invisible Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although most people would argue that Invisible Man is simply modernist, that is not the case. Invisible man is a piece of literature that embodies the themes and styles of many literary schools of thought woven together, the most dominant of them being Naturalism, and Modernism. Naturalism, like Modernism, was spawned from the idea of figuring things out for one’s self. In the naturalist works there is an emphasis on socio-economic brackets; a person’s height on the proverbial food chain of society. Naturalists are committed to documenting the surfaces of American life and to probing its concealed depths†¦ usually [focusing] on the desperate existence of characters† (Encyclopedia of American Literature) living in an urban slum trapped by: violence, the forces of heredity as they affect–and afflict–individual lives, and an indifferent deterministic universe. â€Å"Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison reflects naturalistic tendencies by placing the main protagonist in violent scenarios to better reveal to the reader the socio-economic standing of the unnamed main character. In the beginning of the novel the main character describes a time when he was walking the solemn streets of his Harlem slum when he was insulted by a White man after mistakenly bumping into him. He immediately seized the man and asked for an apology and the blond face blue eyed man looked at him â€Å"insolently and cursed at [him]† (Ellison 4). So the narrator took that as an invitation for violent behavior, which it was, and pummeled the man within an inch of his life. In the book Ralph Ellison says that when the narrator saw the news report about the â€Å"mugging† he laughed and called the man a poor blind fool (Ellison 5), for he knew that neither he nor the men were ever going to escape the violence and that only he unlike the â€Å"sleepy ones†(Ellison 5) was aware of it. Another example of the narrator’s imprisonment under the lock of key of violence was after giving a beautifully written valedictorian speech he was invited to speak in front of a few distinguished white faced gentle to show his support of â€Å"Negro humility. But the mob of Caucasian aristocrats had other things planned—they were going to, by all means, let him give his speech; just after they were finished parading him around and forcing him to fight a group of other African American young men. An Additional example of the narrator being trapped in an existence plagued by violent episodes is when he brings his charge, Dr. Norton, to a veteranâ⠂¬â„¢s brothel to get some whiskey, instead of glasses of whiskey and neighborly salutations they are met with violence. Dr. Norton is mistaken for â€Å"John D. Rockefeller† (Ellison 81) and beaten unconscious by the insane bar patrons. Throughout the novel the narrator gives his life history by way of stories from his past, each ending in, as Harold Bloom said in his Bloom notes, betrayal and explosive violence . The main protagonist cannot escape the violence of his environment as it is with many naturalistic texts he is trapped by the violence. In naturalistic texts free will is not an option for the characters because they live in a deterministic society that says, in the case of the main protagonist of Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"Invisible Man†, you are invisible; you can never be visible because visibility is only achieved through having some social significance. The determinists in a society will do whatever they deem necessary to keep you where they feel you belong. This sad truth is symbolized through the statue in the university yard. The statue is one of a slave kneeling before the founder who is pulling a veil more firmly over the face of the slave. The deterministic society allows you to live just as long as you do not become aware or seek to reach your full potential; turning people, especially African Americans, into sleep walking robots stuck in a state of involuntary hibernation. Ellison [also] suggests through his writing that many people, in particular black men, have been forever altered by their disturbing experiences†(Harlem Renaissance). The forces of deterministic society and how they affect individual lives are vividly depicted throughout the novel. The forces of deterministic society and how they affect individuals’ lives is depicted in the story of Jim True-Blood, an uneducated African American sharecropper w ho attempts to stay and share a bed with his wife and daughter. But as time goes on he begins to participate in the most taboo of taboo behaviors, he begins to â€Å"lay† with oth his wife and daughter. Jim True-Blood impregnates his wife and daughter, but instead of being chained and shackled he is rewarded with food and tobacco. Society is essentially sending a message saying that it is alright to participate in primitive practices like incest when you’re an uneducated black sharecropper, firmly placing the veils over the eyes of all the sleep walkers who are trapped in the deterministic society like all the characters of Naturalistic texts. Shortly after Naturalism there was the rise of Modernism; Modernism is associated with the rise of capitalism and rational thinking. The Modernist movement can be summed up with the philosophical quote, â€Å"I think therefore I am,† meaning I will only believe what I see and what I can prove. In general, Modernism although being a rejection of it really reflects the legacy of Enlightenment thought with its emphasis on the capacity for an individual to act as an â€Å"autonomous being† (Taylor) and essentially questions the universal truth. Modernist styles of writing consist of: fragmentation where the story is not told in linear order and authority figures are usually not trustworthy. Invisible Man† is like a â€Å"jazz performance†(Bloom) in the way it is improvised and fragmented . One scene the story takes place in the narrator’s â€Å"hole† then the reader is taken to a southern plantation or the campus of a historically black university. In accordance with Modernist texts Invisible Man probes and questions the universal truths by depicting authority figures as untrus tworthy. One example of an untrustworthy authority figure is the narrator’s principal. The principal is traditionally a person who motives need not to question. But in the story principal in away punishes the narrator for being articulate and makes him â€Å"dance for his bananas† by forcing him to fight before being allowed to give his speech. The principal’s treachery didn’t stop there after the fight he along with his white colleagues thru money on an electrified carpet and told the unsuspecting participants of the â€Å"battle royal†(Ellison 15) including the narrator to pick up their compensation and laughed in satisfaction as they all screamed in pain and astonishment. Another example of an untrustworthy authority figure is Dr. Bledsoe the president of the university the narrator attends and a paternal figure. After the mishap between the narrator and his white charge, Dr. Norton the narrator is harshly reprimanded by Dr. Bledsoe and is sent to New York to find Work as he serves his semester long suspension. Dr. Bledsoe gives the narrator a sealed letter of introduction. The Narrator having the upmost trust in Dr. Bledsoe shows the letter to many Wall Street interviewers with little success. But little did the narrator know that the sealed letter was the problem. Within the letter Dr. Bledsoe hard stated the narrator had been expelled and was a threat to the school. Like all the Authority figures that he came to trust and look up to Dr. Bledsoe had betrayed the Narrator, a very modernistic theme. As stated before Invisible Man embraces both themes and styles of Modernism and Naturalism. The use of naturalistic styles helps the reader understand that the narrator truly is a product of his environment by depicting his imprisonment in a cycle of violence and his role in a deterministic as well as how it affected his individual life. But as the reader reads on the novels â€Å"burst the bond of naturalistic texts†(Bloom). As the novel evolves so does Ellison’s style begins to become very similar to that of modernist pioneers like Faulkner and Elliot. Ellison uses rapid flow consciousness, and a series of abstract nouns joined together by an overworked conjunction to (Bloom) as he said to reveal the truths of human complexity by probing the stereotypes that conceal theme Work cited Giles, James R. â€Å"naturalism. † In Anderson, George P. , Judith S. Baughman, Matthew J. Bruccoli, and Carl Rollyson, eds. Encyclopedia of American Literature, Revised Edition: Into the Modern: 1896–1945, Volume 3. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2008. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54=5= EAmL1255=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Taylor, Karen L. â€Å"modernism. † Facts On File Companion to the French Novel. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2007. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54SID=5iPin= CFN346SingleRecord=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Gaydosik, Victoria. â€Å"postmodernism. † Facts On File Companion to the British Novel: 20th Century, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2006. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54=5= GCBNII438=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Bloom, Harold, ed. â€Å"Invisible Man. † Invisible Man, Bloom’s Guides. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2008. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. ttp://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54=5= BGIM014=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Entzminger, Betina. â€Å"Invisible Man. † In Werlock, Abby H. P. , ed. The Facts On File Companion to the American Novel. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2006. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54SID=5iPin= CANov0470SingleRecord =True (accessed January 12, 2012). Eddy-Sanders, Shauna Lee. â€Å"Invisible Man. † In Samuels, Wilfred D. , ed. Encylopedia of African-American Literature. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2007. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54=5= EAFL200=True (accessed January 12, 2012). Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. New York, Toronto: Random House, Inc. , 1952. vii-581. Print. frye1970, micheal. â€Å"Naturalism v Modernism . † Dec 16, 2008, 09:09pm . Free Academic Writing Research Help, Online Posting to essayforum. com. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Realism, Naturalism and Modernism. † The Harlem Renaissance. Edublogs, 25 march 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. . How to cite Invisible Man, Essay examples

Texas Medical Center History Essay Sample free essay sample

The thought for the Texas Medical Center. Houston. was conceived by the legal guardians of the M. D. Anderson Foundationqv in the early 1940s. The foundation planned the first units of the centre to be the University of Texas Hospital for Cancer Research and the Baylor University College of Medicine ( now Baylor College of Medicineqv ) . A 134-acre site of city-owned belongings. adjacent to the Hermann Hospital evidences and bordering Hermann Park. passed to the foundation from the metropolis in 1944. after a popular ballot authorized the sale in 1943. The Texas Medical Center. Incorporated. was organized and received rubric to the land in 1945. at which clip a board of managers assumed duty for development and coordination of the centre under the leading of president Ernst William Bertner. Designed to pull establishments related to wellness instruction. research. and patient attention. the centre assembled staffs. provided installations. and developed plans necessary to guarantee th e highest criterions of attainment in medical specialty. We will write a custom essay sample on Texas Medical Center History Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The assorted plans were directed jointly by independent establishments. Between 1951 and 1955 installations were completed for University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute ( now the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Centerqv ) . Wesleyan Hospitalqv. Arabia Temple Crippled Children’s Clinic ( now Shriner’s Hospital for Crippled Children ) . Texas Medical Center Library ( Jesse H. Jones Library Building ) . Texas Children’s Hospital. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital. and the University of Texas Dental Branchqv. Expansion during 1959 and 1960 included the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research. Houston Speech and Hearing Institute. Houston State Psychiatric Institute for Research and Training. Texas Woman’s University. Houston Center. and the Institute of Religion ( see ROTHKO CHAPEL ) . During that period the Texas Medical Center joined with Baylor University College of Medicine to trip a joint disposal commission. dwelling of seven members. responsible for policy affairs of the medical co llege as related to the centre. Other joint commissions have since been started. Between 1962 and 1965 Ben Taub General Hospital. a city-county charity infirmary staffed by Baylor University. was completed. as was an add-on to Methodist Hospital. which doubled patient attention installations to 700 beds. and the Texas Heart Institute. The City of Houston Department of Public Health ( now the Houston Department of Health and Human Services ) opened in 1965. In 1972 the University of Texas Houston Health Science Center joined the Texas Medical Center. UTHSCH presently includes eight runing units: the Dental Branch. the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences. the Division of Continuing Education. the Harris County Psychiatric Center. the Medical School. the School of Allied Health Sciences. the School of Nursing. and the School of Public Health. The centre besides set up the nation’s foremost High School for Health Professionals in 1971 and the Life Flight chopper deliverance plan at Hermann Hospital in 1976. In the 1980s the centre added the University of Houston College of Pharmacy. the Veterans Affairs Medical Center. the Life Gift Organ Donation Center. and the Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital. among others. One of the most recent add-ons to the centre is the Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology. Texas A A ; M University. The Texas Medical Center in 1992 had a combined operating budget of over $ 4 billion. compared to $ 159. 474. 000 in 1970. In 1970 there were 3. 196 pupils and 13. 047 full-time and 2. 145 parttime employees. In 1993 there were 76. 000 pupils involved in regular coursework. preparation plans. short classs. and go oning instruction categories and 54. 774 employees. less than 5. 000 of which were parttime. In 1970 there were 3. 256 beds. 191 bassinets. and 1. 054. 975 in-patient and out-patient visits. In 1992 the centre had 6. 694 beds. 407 bassinets. and 3. 8 million in-patient and out-patient visits. In the late eightiess and early 1990s over $ 1. 8 billion had been received as research grants for the center’s 19 member establishments executing research. Between 1987 and 1996 the centre allocated $ 2. 13 billion for constructing enlargement and redevelopment. In over 50 old ages the Texas Medical Center has achieved national and international acknowledgment in instruction. research. and patient attention. particularly in the Fieldss of bosom disease. malignant neoplastic disease. and rehabilitation. In 1994 the Texas Medical Center was the largest medical centre in the universe. with more than 675 estates and 100 lasting edifices lodging 41 member establishments. which included 14 infirmaries. two medical schools. four colleges of nursing. and six university systems. Richard E. Wainerdi was the president.